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لویی پاستور

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur was one of the greatest scientists of all time. Pasteur made very important discoveries in biology and chemistry, and the techniques he developed helped greatly to develop medical science and the agricultural and food industries.

Pasteur was born in a small town in France during the year 1822. When he was a young man, Pasteur studied science at a university in the city of Paris. He soon did some excellent work in chemistry, and later began his famous study of germs.

Pasteur was one of the first scientists to understand that many diseases could be caused by extremely small, invisible organisms. Only a few other scientists had believed this before Pasteur. He advised doctors to wash their hands thoroughly before treating patients.

Pasteur also demonstrated that life forms did not arise spontaneously. His research confirmed the idea, developed by previous scientists, that a living organism would not appear unless other individuals of its kind were present.

One of Pasteur’s most important contributions was a technique that has been named after him: pasteurization. Pasteurization kills the germs that are found in drinks such as milk or beer. Because of Pasteur’s technique, people are no longer infected with diseases by drinking these liquids.

Just as important as pasteurization was a technique called immunization. Pasteur found that a person or animal could be made safe, or immune, from a disease, by injecting the person with some weakened germs that cause the disease. The body can resist the disease after being immunized in this way. Today, many diseases are prevented by the use of this technique.

Pasteur’s discoveries also helped to save people who had already been infected with diseases. One such disease is rabies. Rabies is a disease that sometimes occurs in animals. This disease usually kills the animal, but before dying, the animal becomes very aggressive, and may spread the disease by biting a person or another animal.

One day, the parents of a young boy came to Pasteur. Their son had been bitten by a dog that had the rabies disease. The parents knew that their son would die from the disease, unless something could be done to save him. Pasteur agreed to help the boy, and the immunization technique saved the boy’s life.

Pasteur died in 1895. He was greatly admired around the world for his achievements, which have helped all of humankind. Today, Pasteur is considered to be the greatest figure in the history of medicine.

2 – روانشناسی

agricultural:(adj)

agricultural land
agricultural labourers

germ:

a very small living thing that can make you ill
Put disinfectant down the toilet to kill any germs.

treat:

▶ILLNESS/INJURY◀
to try to cure an illness or injury by using drugs, hospital care, operations etc

It was difficult to treat patients because of a shortage of medicine.
treat somebody with something
Nowadays, malaria can be treated with drugs.

spontaneous:

1
something that is spontaneous has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it
The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer. My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
2
someone who is spontaneous does things without planning them first – used to show approval

ￚspontaneously adverb
She laughed spontaneously.

resist:

to try to prevent a change from happening, or prevent yourself from being forced to do something
He resisted pressure to resign.
resist doing something
For months the company has resisted changing its accounts system.
strongly/fiercely/vigorously etc resist

The proposal was strongly resisted by the police.

rabies:

a very dangerous disease that affects dogs and other animals, and that you can catch if you are bitten by an infected animal

aggressive:

behaving in an angry, threatening way, as if you want to fight or attack someone
Jim’s voice became aggressive.

Teachers apparently expect a certain amount of aggressive behaviour from boys.

admire:

to respect and like someone because they have done something that you think is good
I really admire the way she brings up those kids all on her own.
admire somebody for (doing) something
Lewis was much admired for his work on medieval literature.

ￚadmired adjective
the widely admired boss of Channel 4

figure:

▶PERSON◀
someone who is important or famous in some way
a leading/key/central figure
Several leading figures resigned from the party.
the outstanding political figure of his time
a great literary figure